Passage:1
All of Francoise Duparc’s surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances that she had asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characteristics genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of humblest classes, was never popular in 18th century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges da La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral education but rather regard such idealization as falsification of truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime; even in her talent did not go completely un recognized by her 18th century French contemporaries.
1.According to passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in paintings?
The technical elements of the painting
The spontaneity of the painting
The moral lesson imparted by the painting
The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject
The degree to which the artist’s personality is revealed in the painting
2.If the history of Duparc’s artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de la Tour, present day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following?
An evaluation that accords high status to her work
Acknowledgment of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matters as trivial
Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgments of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintings
Placement of her among the foremost artists of her century
A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting
3.It can be inferred from the passage that the term “genre painting” would most likely apply to which of the following?
A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
A painting illustrating a narrative from the bible
A portrayal of mythological Greek goddess
A portrayal of a servant engaged in work
A formal portrait of an 18th century king
4.The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgements of artistic work?
Aesthetic judgements can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgement
Judgements of the value of an artist’s work made by his/her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgement can be made
Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting
In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting
Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have
Passage-2
Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any the fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive; out they have escaped wide spread investigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic association is so well balanced that the roots of host plants _no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a root. Despite of these difficulties, there has been important new work that suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benefits are not limited to improved phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes, mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer alone. Certain symbiotic associations also increase the host plant’s resistance to harmful root fungi. Whether this resistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition for sites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production, or from increased vigor is undetermined.
1.Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?
A description of a replicable experiment
A summary report of new findings
A recommendation for abandoning a difficult area of research
A refutation of an earlier hypothesis
A conformation of earlier research
2.The level of information in the passage above suited to the needs of all of the following people except
a researcher whose job is to identify potentially profitable areas for research and product development
a state official whose position requires her to alert farmers about possible innovations in farming
an official of a research foundation who identifies research projects for potential funding
a biological attempting to keep up with scientific developments in an area outside of his immediate area of specialization
a botanist conducting experiments to determine the relationship between degree of mycorrhizal infection and expected uptake of phosphate
3.it can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mychorrhizal fungi has progessed?
Lack of funding for such research
Lack of immediate application of such research
Lack if a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi
Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study
Difficulties ensuring from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers